Caracterización del grano de genotipos confiteros de maní en cuanto a su calidad química y micotoxicológica en dos localidades de Venezuela
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an edible legume, important for its contribution to human nutrition as a source of protein, oil and fatty acids. The colonization of fruit and seed by microorganisms deteriorates its quality with a risk of aflatoxin contamination. The objective of this research was...
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2012
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| Acceso en liña: | http://hdl.handle.net/10872/1991 |
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| Summary: | Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an edible legume, important for its contribution to human nutrition as a source of protein, oil and fatty acids. The colonization of fruit and seed by microorganisms deteriorates its quality with a risk of aflatoxin contamination. The objective of this research was to quantify the incidence of molds, aflatoxin and chemical quality (protein, oil, sugars, fatty acids and some elements) in the grain of ten peanut genotypes at two localities in Venezuela. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with three replications. The incidences of total molds and Aspergillus spp. were given by percentage of colonized kernels (low 0-15%, intermediate 16-30% and high ≥ 30%). Aflatoxins were quantified by affinity chromatography and fluorometric, proteins and elements by official methods. The oil and fatty acids of oil were analized by gas chromatography with mass detector and sugars determined by chromatography with refractive index detector, identified by retention times compared to standards. Analysis of variance, Tukey's test and correlation analysis were performed. The grain of genotypes were found A. flavus, A. niger and A. terreus, reaffirming the species susceptibility to these molds. Significant differences were found among treatments, in some of the enviroments, for grain incidence of total molds, A. flavus, A. niger and aflatoxin. A. flavus and aflatoxins low in all environments; but almost all collected samples contained aflatoxins.The combined analysis showed significant differences between locations for aflatoxin and the incidence of A. niger. The high oleic cultivar tended to have higher aflatoxin. Low linoleate genotypes tended to the highest aflatoxins. In general, cultivars with greater grain colonization of A. flavus in the inoculated localities had not greater aflatoxins content, due to adverse conditions on the inoculated strain, or for interactions with natural pathogens on their population and toxicity. In the environment without inoculation with A. flavus, at higher incidence of it, higher A. niger, with negative impact on the production of aflatoxins. Chemical profile showed statistical differences among cultivars for protein, fatty acids, oleic/linoleic ratio, unsaturated/saturated ratio, sucrose, glucose and total sugars, calcium and phosphorus, in at least one locality. The protein content showed high environmental influence. The variability for oil content was low, and had positive relation with the incidence of A. flavus.. The main fatty acid was oleic in normal cultivars. Only palmitic and stearic acids showed differences among localities, and five fatty acids showed genotype-environment interaction, however some cultivars were consistent across environments due to its location at mean test. Phosphorus, iron and magnesium in the grain were low in both environments. Cultivars had low saturation, high monounsaturated fat (as oleic acid) and polyunsaturated fats. The cultivars 5231, San Martin and Acc 323 Raleigh were better for their low saturation, high oleate, good O / L, but its behavior with respect to the incidence of mold on grains was erratic. The grain composition changed among botanical types and environments. The chemical composition affected the incidence of mold and aflatoxin production in cultivars, so complex interactions one can be infer. |
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